Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin B12 is essential for maintaining healthy nerve cells, synthesizing DNA, and producing red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. It also supports energy metabolism and helps prevent a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia.

meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs. Some fortified cereals and plant-based milk alternatives may also contain Vitamin B12, but it is generally less bioavailable than in animal sources.

Vegans, vegetarians, older adults, and individuals with certain medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption (such as pernicious anemia or gastrointestinal disorders) are at higher risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency. Additionally, long-term use of certain medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or metformin can also interfere with B12 absorption.

Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency may include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory problems, and mood changes. Severe deficiency can lead to nerve damage and irreversible neurological problems if left untreated.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is typically treated with Vitamin B12 supplements, either in oral form or through injections, depending on the severity of the deficiency and the underlying cause. In cases of pernicious anemia or severe malabsorption, lifelong supplementation may be necessary.